Summary about Disease
Mumps orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles that can occur as a complication of the mumps virus infection. Mumps is a contagious viral illness characterized by swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands (located near the ears). Orchitis, when it occurs, typically develops several days after the onset of mumps. While mumps is now preventable with vaccination, orchitis remains a significant concern for those who contract the disease, especially in post-pubertal males.
Symptoms
The primary symptom is testicular pain, which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms include:
Testicular swelling and tenderness
Redness and warmth of the scrotum
Fever
Chills
Nausea
Headache
Fatigue
Pain during urination or ejaculation
Causes
Mumps orchitis is caused by the mumps virus. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In susceptible individuals, the virus can travel to the testicles and cause inflammation.
Medicine Used
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and relieving discomfort. There is no specific antiviral medication for mumps orchitis. The following are commonly used:
Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce pain and fever. Stronger pain medications may be prescribed in severe cases.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: These can help reduce inflammation in the testicles.
Supportive care: Rest, scrotal support (using an athletic supporter or rolled towel), and ice packs applied to the scrotum can help alleviate pain and swelling.
Is Communicable
Yes, mumps is a highly contagious disease, and therefore, mumps orchitis is also communicable. It spreads through respiratory droplets. Individuals are contagious from a few days before the salivary glands swell to approximately five days after the swelling begins.
Precautions
Vaccination: The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine is the most effective way to prevent mumps and its complications, including orchitis. Two doses are recommended for optimal protection.
Isolation: If someone is infected with mumps, they should stay home from school or work to prevent spreading the virus.
Hygiene: Frequent handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes, and avoiding sharing utensils can help reduce the risk of transmission.
Avoid close contact: Avoid close contact with infected individuals.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a mumps outbreak depends on various factors, including vaccination rates and public health interventions. An individual case of mumps typically lasts around 1-3 weeks. Community-wide outbreaks can last for several weeks to months if not properly contained through vaccination and public health measures. Orchitis typically develops within a week after parotitis (swelling of the parotid glands). Orchitis symptoms can last for several days to weeks.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
Physical examination: A doctor will examine the testicles for swelling, tenderness, and redness.
Medical history: The doctor will ask about symptoms, vaccination history, and exposure to mumps.
Laboratory tests:
Viral culture: A sample of saliva or urine can be tested for the mumps virus.
Blood tests: Blood tests can detect antibodies to the mumps virus, indicating a recent or past infection.
Timeline of Symptoms
1. Incubation Period: 12-25 days (time between exposure and onset of symptoms). 2. Prodromal Symptoms: A few days of mild, flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue). 3. Parotitis: Swelling of the parotid glands (near the ears) develops, usually on one side first, then possibly the other. 4. Orchitis: If orchitis develops, it usually occurs 4-7 days after the onset of parotitis. Testicular pain, swelling, and tenderness appear. 5. Resolution: Parotitis typically resolves within a week to 10 days. Orchitis symptoms may take several weeks to subside.
Important Considerations
Infertility: Although rare, orchitis can potentially lead to infertility in some men due to testicular damage. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to minimize this risk.
Atrophy: Testicular atrophy (shrinkage of the testicle) can occur after orchitis, even if infertility does not develop.
Vaccination Importance: Ensuring complete MMR vaccination is paramount in preventing mumps and its complications.
Medical Consultation: Individuals experiencing symptoms of mumps orchitis should seek medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.